This afternoon, I met an old classmate while studying mathematics and we talked about Artificial Intelligence we used to discuss together. Neither of us are in AI any more and I had a chance to refresh mental stimulation. I just put some notes here for a quick reminder.

Artificial Intelligence is concerned with designing intelligent computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior, and deals with symgolic, nonalgorithmic methods of problem solving.

Intelligence is, based upon Douglas Hofstadter:

• to repond to situation very flexibly,
• to make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages,
• to recognize the relative importance of different element of a situation,
• to find a similarities between situations despite differences which may separate them,
• to draw distinction between situations despite similarities which may link them.

A heuristic in AI is a "rule of thumb" that helps you to determine how to proceed.

AI: Expert System, Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Computer Vision, Robotics.

Issac Asimov's Three Laws of Rototics:

• First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
• Second Law: A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
• Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

People in the development of AI:

• Alan Turing
• Claude Shannon wrote on using computers to play chess in 1950.
• Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics
• John McCarthy invented LISP in 1958
• Marvin Minsky cofound AI Lab at MIT.
• Newell and Simon's Logic Theorist.
• Arthur Samuel's Checker Player
• Alex Bernstein's Chess is important in AI history because of the heuristic technique it employed to search for the best moves.
• Alain Colmerauer developed Prolog in 1972.

Confusion in human langauges arices from ambiguity, imprecision, incompleteness, and inaccuracy.

AI specialist is not well-defined.

5 Steps of Designing a Model:

• Identification determines the characteristics of the problem.
• Conceptualization finds concepts to represent the knowledge.
• Formalization designs structures to organize the knowdelge.
• Implementation formulates rules and strategies that embody the knowledge.
• Testing validates the rules.

(August 20, 1998)